Speed regulator



March 18, 1941. F, H; GULUKSN 2,235,403

i sPEEDEGULAToR Filed Julyzs, 1959 2 'sugars-sheet 1 Fig. f.

wlTNEssEs; A 29 INVENTOR ATT'ORNEY March 18, 1941. F H GULUKSEN 2,235,403

SPEED REGULATOR Filed July 25, 1939 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 WITNESSES: INVENTOR @MH/4L i Finn Il. Gullilfsen. m @i ML M ATTORNEY his 'Patented Mar. 18, 1941 rrsN'r ,orifice SPEED REGULATOR Finn H. Gulllksen, Pittsburgh, la., assigner to Westinghouse Electric pany, East Pittsburgh Pennsylvaniav & Manufacturing Gom- Pa., a corporation of Application fuiy 25, i939, Serial No. 286,313

. 'Z @Estima till. l'i-litil My invention relates to speed-regulator systems and has particular relation .to regulator systems for governing the speeds oi' dynamo-electric machines in accordance with the speed of a speedreierence means. I

many applications, as, for example, when en electric generator is tob-e connected to a power line, it is necessary that the speed of the generator be such that the frequency o the alternati ing voltage oi the generator be in synchronism which it is to be connected. Such devices have,

general, been expensive to build low in sensitivity and have not been responsive to the phase angle variations between the two sources of alternating current energy and have required the o use of amounts o power which place a relatively ,rge volt-ampere burden on the voltage transformers supplying the frequencies responsive to the two sources, thus requiring the use of special tr ansformer apparatus.

It is an object of the invention to provide speed matching equipment; that matches the speed of the incoming machine with respect to the frecguencyof the power system .with absolute accuracy, and also controls the phase angle between the machine and the line to which the machine is to be connected to within a very small phase angie displacement thus facilitating synchronizing.

it is a further, object of the invention to provide a speed matching 'equipment having a lovr volt-ampere burden on the potential transform.- ers, thus permitting the operation thereof from the condenser bushings.

It is a. further object of the invention to provide speed matching equipment of the character indicated that is low in cost and that does not require adjustment upon being placed in service.

Other objects and advantages of the invention will be apparent'. from the following description of a preferred embodiment thereof, reference being had to the accompanying drawings in which:

Figure 1 is a. diagrammatic view of apparatus and circuits employed in one embodiment of the invention, and

Figs'. 2, 3, 4 and 5 illustrate curves showing various relationships between certain parts of the system.

Referring to Figure l. of the drawings, an electric generator 2 illustrated having an armature Winding and a field Winding t that is energized from any convenient source, such as an exciter generator 5. The held winding circuit extends from one terminal of the exciter generator 5 through conductor l, the ield winding t and conductor S to the other terminal or" the exciter generator The generator armature Winding E is connected by means of three phase circuit condoctors it, i2 and it and a circuit breaker Ef: to power line conductors 5, it and El, respectively. The circuit breaker i4 is' provided with operating mechanism including an electromagnet and a spring il" that is controlled by a mechanisrn not here disclosed.

rhe generator r" is driven by a prime mover t2, such as a steam turbine, and its speed is n controlled hy a governor mechanism 33 that is driven in accordance with the speed of the prime mover and varies the movement of a pivoted lever 2@ and an inlet valve Z5 in a supply conduit 26 to control the quantity of motive ud supplied to the prime mover. A conduit 2l is also provided for conducting the used motive iiuid from the prime mover. The adjustment of the governor-.mechanism is controlled by the bias of a spring 3i, onev end of which is attached to the lever 2li. in order to vary the setting of the governor mechanism to thereby adjust the predeterminedspeed of the prime mover that .the governor mechanism will maintain, the end of the spring Si that is remote from the lever 24 is axed to a threaded member 32 that is free to move vertically in an nteriorly threaded gear.. wheel 33. When the gearwheel 33 is revolvedin one direction or the other, the threaded shaft member 32 moves upwardly or downwardly thereby varying the tension of the spring 3| to vary the adjustment of the governor mechanism to thereby vary the amount of motive iuid which the governor mechanism will permit to enter the prime mover at a given prime mover speed.

An electric motor 34 is provided for actuating the gearwheel 33 through a worm 35, and comprises an amature winding 36 and a. field winding 31. The field winding is connected to be continually energized from .the exciter generator 6 through conductors 38, 39, 42 and 43. The armature winding 36 is connected by means of conductors 44 and' 45 to movable contact arms 4S and 41 of motor direction controlling switches 48 and 49, respectively. The switch 48 comprises the movable contact armA te carrying contact members T52 and 53 for engaging xed contact l members 5d and 55, respectively. An electro magnet 56 is provided for moving the contact lever iS into one of its two circuit closing positions against the biasing force of a spring El! Ithat normally urges the lever in a direction to hold the cooperating contact members 53 and @d in engagement when the eiectrornagnet t5@ is tieenergized. The motor directional switch 19 issimilar in construction .to the switch ed, and,

, contact members 55 and S5 of theswitches t8 and te respectively, 'are connected through conductors 43 and 'i to the other terminal of the exciter generator t. Upon the operation of the one 4B or 49 tocdnnect the one or the other side of the motor amature 36 to conductor 3d, the motor. 34 is caused to operate in the one or the other direction. .v

When the electromagnets of the switches da and 59 are not energized the switches are in the positions illustrated in the drawing to close a -circuit from one side of the armature winding 36 through conductor 4B, switch contact members 53'and 55, conductor d8, switch contact Kmembers`63 and 65 and conductor 45 to the other side of the armature winding 36, thus closing` a dynamic braking circuit for the motor 3d.

Upon the operation of the one or `the other of the reversing switches to its second operative position, 'the motor is so connected to the exciter generator 6 as to be operated in the one or the other direction. The motor directional switches 48 and 49 are controlled by circuits extending through grid controlled tubes 8B and 69, respectively, that are governed by regulating mechanism responsive to the frequencies and.

phase relation between the two alternating cur-v rent sources comprising the power circuit l5. IS

and Il and the .generator 2 that is to be connected by conductors 18 and 'i9 .to generatorv terminal conductors l2 and i3, and is provided with secondary windings 32, 83, 86 and de.

In order to control the flow of current through the tubes 88 and 69 in accordance with variations in the speed of the generator 2 with respect to the frequency and phase angle 'of the voltage in the power circuit conductors i6 and il, a grid controlled tube 86 is provided that is in series with each of the tubes 88 .and 59 and that is conductive during a portion of the voltage wave of the generator 2 to permit the ow of current therethrough from a full wave rectifier 8l.

The alternating current side of the rectiier 8l agentes is supplied from the secondary windings it' and 62 of the transformers TL and Tn connected in series so that the alternating current voltage is the voltage between the generator 2 and the power line i5, le, il, and the rectiiier will give a zero4 unidirectional voltage output from the rectiiier Si when/the phase angle between the two voltages is zero.` The unidirectional voltage output ERi of the rectiiler til therefore varies from zero value at zero angle phase displacement between the machine and the power line toa maximum value at 180 phase angle, and hack again Fig. 4.

The tube 8d is a three-element tube having an anode et, a cathode @l and a grid it?. The tube to zero at "360 as shown by the curve ERi in is controlled by grid voltage consisting of an impulse voltage E1 that is superimposedupon a unidirectional voltage Eb. plied from a secondary winding @t of a saturated transformer @t the primary winding '92 of which is connected in circuit with the secondary winding 83 of the transformer TM through a resistor Q3. The voltage Eb is developed `across a condenser @d connected in a loop circuit with the secondary winding 84 of the transformer TM and a rectier element 95. The grid circuit of tube @t extends from the cathode 9i through conductors 98, S9, capacitor. 9d, the winding 88 of the saturated transformer 89 and a resistor lol to the grid 402. Referring to Fig. 2, the curve En represents the voltage wave of the generator 2 and-the curve E1, the output voltage from the transformer 69 that is superimposed upon the unidirectional voltage E. .Since the transformer 35 is saturated, the curve E1 represents a voltage having an appreciable value for a short part of the cycle only and it is displaced with respect to trolling the portions of the cycle during which the tube '88 can be ionized, and which is repre- Tlie voltage E1 is supsented by the shaded portions under the curve E1.

The tubes 68 and 69 are three-element tubes, the tube 6B having an anode |03, cathode |04 and grid |05, and the tube S9 having an anode |06, cathode IM and grid |08. The tubes S8 and 69 are controlled respectively lby grid voltages Egn and Ecm. The grid voltage of tube 88, that is Egn, is supplied irom the second-ary winding 15 of the transformer Ti., the grid control ,circuit extending from the cathode |04 through conductor |09, resistor H2, conductor H3, the winding 'i5 and conductor ill to the grid its. The grid voltage Egm is the beat voltage between the generator 2 and the voltage of the power circuit that is developed by connecting the two secondary vwindings I and of the transformers Tr. and

TM, respectively, in series in dark lamp circuit. The grid control circuit extends from the cath- 0de lili of the tube 68 through conductor M5, renstor H2, conductor |83, transformer winding i6, conductor H6, winding 85, and resistor to the grid its. The beat voltage varies from zero to a maximum upon variation in the phase angle between the machine voltage and the power circuit voltage as shown by the curve Egm in Fig. 4.

The output circuit trom the rectifier 8l which develops a unidirectional voltage across the condenser 868 having a value dependent upon 'the phase relation between the `voltages of the two alternating current sources jointly supplying the rectier. The output circuit from the rectifier entends through tube conductor 98 to Junction llo point lIB, then .through one of Itwo branch circuits, one extending from' junction point H9 through conductor 99, winding l23 of electromagnet 58, tube 68 and conductor N9 to the junction point l2! andthe other branch circuit including conductor 99, the Winding 24 of electromagnet 56, the .tube 58 and conductor l i5 to junction point l22, thence through the resistor H2 and .conductor 125 to the negative side oi the rectifier 8l. The resistor H2 is included in this circuit so that when one ci 'the tubes 58 or ES becomes conducting the current ilow through the resistor H2 will act upon the'grid circuit oi the other tube yto prevent it from becoming conducting until the output voltage ERi oi the rectier 81 has ,been reduced to zero. Referring to Figs. 2, 3, 4 and 5, it will be realized that the abscissae in Figs. 2 and 3 are plotted indegrees phase angle of the frequency of the vol-tage Et, that is, the

l'voltage 'of the generator 2, while in Figs. 4 and 5,

the phase angle is the beat phase angle or the angular displacement between the voltages En and EL representing the volt-ugs oi the generator 2 and the voltage of 4the power line, rpectively. In Figs. 4 and 5, the zero degrees on the abscissae correspond to an inphase or zero please angle displacement between the voltages of two alternating current sources. Ii the s of the generator 2 is low, the phase anule will increase from zero to .the right, or in the direction' marked slow, in Figs. 4 and 5, and if the machine is fast with respect to .the frequency ci the line, the `voltage values will be represented los Vthe curves to the left of the zero degree position.

If rthe phase angle between En and En is being varied and the current through the tubes El? and S9 are plotted, assuming that only one of these tubes is connected in the 4circuit while the 'test from which the current values are obtained is being made, ythe curves in 5 will result. The dotted line curves in Fig. 5, indicated as les, represent the current through the tube S9 :and

'the full line curves Isc represent the current to the tube 68, and causing operation of themotor directional switch 49 to cause operation of the motor 35 in a direction to change the setting of the governor 23 to increase the speed of the generator 2. Once the tube 69 has become conducting, the current :dow through the resistor H2 will, as explained above, prevent the tube 65 from becoming conducting until the voltage output of the rectifier 8T has become zero. This voltage output is determined by the beat voltage between the generator 2 and the power circuit 'and becomes zero upon an in-phase relation between the two.

If the speed of the generator 2 is high, it will be seen, by reference .to Fig. 5, that the current Vtlirough the tube 68 will increase as indicated by the porti-on of the curve I3! prior to an increase in the current through the tube SS as indicated by the portion l35 oi .the curve. causing the tube to change the setting oi a governor 23 to reduce the speed or phase angle relation between the Here again,v

generator 2 and the power line. once the tube $8 lhas become conducting it will remain so until lthe phase angle relation between the incoming machine and the power line circuit has become zero or nearly zero, under which condition the voltage ER; will become zero.

Ii the device starts to operate when there is a relatively high frequency, the action of .the condenser iria connected across the out/put terminals of the rectiiier 8l will prevent the voltage ERi from becoming zero as the phase angle between f' voltage to become substanti-allsv zero, and interrupt the flow of current 4through the tube B or Sil as indicated by the curves in Fig. 5. The curves in Fig. 5 therefore correctly reines-ent the operation or' the tubes upon gradual variation of 'the phase angle between the machine voltage and the pow-er circuit voltage lneithee' direction.

will be apparent to those skilled in the art variations in the circuits and apparatus disclosed nis-:v ce made within the spirit of the inveritiere, and l do not wish to be limited otherwise than 'by the scope oi the appended claims.

l claim as inf-,f invention:

i. In e, speed-matching system, in combination, a dynamo-electric ina-chine, a speed-reference source ci elternatinv current, an alternating current source that is a measure oi the speed of the dynamo-electric machine, speed-control means for governing the speed of the dynamo-"electric machine, an electrlcrmotor for adjusting the setting of the speed-control means, means for controlling the operation ci the motor in the one or the other direction comprising a pair of grid controlled tubes and separate motor direction determining circuits controlled thereby, a grid controlled tube common to the two circuits, means for controlling the grid potential of the last named tube in response to the phase voltage of one of said alternating current sources, means for controlling the grid potential of one of the tubes of said pair in response to the phase voltage of the other of said alternating current sources, and means for controlling the grid potential of the other one of said ypair of tubes in response to the beat voltage of the two alternating current sources.

2. In a speed-matching system, incombination, a dynamo-electric machine, a speed-reference source oi alternating current, an alternating current source that is a measure ci the speed of the dynamo-electric machine, speed-control means for governing the speed of the dynamo-electric machine,an electric motor for adjusting the speed-control means, means for controlling the operation of the motor in the one or the other directionv comprising a unidirectional source of energy the output voltage of which varies in accordance with the phase displacement between the voltages of the two above-named alternating current sources, a pair of motor direction determining circuits supplied fromaid source, a u

pair of grid controlled tubes for contro-said circuits, a grid controlled tube common to the two circuits, means for controlling the grid potential` of the last named tube in response to the phase voltage yof one of said alternating current sources. means forcontrolling the grid potential o one of the tubes of said pair in response to theA phase voltage of the other of said alternating current sources, and means for controlling the grid potentiai of lthe other one of said pair of tubes in response to the beat voltage of the two alternating current sources. 3. In a speed-matching system, in combination,

'"- a dynamo-electric machine, a speed-reference source of alternating current, an alternating current source that is a measure of the speed of the dynamo-electric machine,` speed-control means for governing the speed of the dci-electric machine, an electric motor for adjusting the speed-control means, means for controlling the operation of the motor in the one, or the other direction comprising a full wave rectiier sup- -Vplied from two series connected transformers energized, respectively, from the two abovenamed alternating current sources, a of motor direction ldetermining circuits supplied i from said source, a pair of grid'controlled tubes vso age of the two alternating current sources.

4. In a speed-matching system, in combination, an alternating current synchronous generator, a speed-reference source of alternating current, speed-,control means for governing the speed of the dynamo-electric machine, an electric motor for adjusting the setting of the speed-control means, a source of electric energy for driving the motor comprising a rectier supplied with alternating voltage that is a measure of the phase position between the voltages of the` generator and the speed-reference source, and means including a pair of tubes for controlling the operation of the electric motor in the one or the other Adirection upon a variation in the alternating voltage of the generator in the one or the other direction from that of the speed-reference source.

5. In a speed-matching system, in combination, an alternating current generator, a speedreference source of alternating current, speedcontrol means for governing the speed of the dynamo-electric machine, an electric motor for adjusting the speed-control means, m for controlling the operation of the motor in the one or the other direction comprising a rectier for supplying unidirectional current at a violtage that is a measure of the phasedisplacement between the generatorl voltage and the voltage or the speed-reference source, a of grid controlled tubes and separate motor direction determining circuits controlled thereby and supplied from said rectiier, a gridv controlled tube` common to the two circuits, means for controlling the grid potential of the last ned tube in response to the phase voltage o one only of said alternattrolling the grid potential of the other one of said pair o! tubes in response to the beat voltage of the two alternating current sources.

6; In a speed-matching system, in ,combination, an alternating current generator, a speed- `retn-exime source of alternating current. speedcontrol means for governing the speed of the dynamo-electricmachine,.an electric motor for adjusting the speed-control means, a control circuit for the motor andimeans controlled by the phase relation between the generator voltage and the voltage of the speed-reference source for controlling the supply of unidirectional current to the control circuit, and means 'including a pair of tube rectiers for controlling the operation of the electric motor in the one or the other direction upon a variation in the frequency of said second named alternating current source in the' one or the other direction from that of the speedreference source. f

7. In a system for matching the speed. and phase-angle relation between two alternating current sources of electric energy, an alternating current generator, a speed-referencesource ,of alternating current, speed control means for governing the speed of the alternating current generator, electro-responsive means for adjusting the speed control means, means for controlling the operation of the electro-responsive means for correcting the speed of the generator in the one or the other direction comprising ,a unidirectional source of energy, the output voltage of which varies from zero to a maximum in accordance with the phase displacement between the voltages oi the two above named alternating current sources from in phase to phase opposition, a pair of direction determining circuits supplied from said last named source, a pair of grid-controlled -of 4the other of said alternating current sources,

and means for controll the grid potential of the other one of said pair of tubes in response to the beat voltage of the two alternating current` sources, said grid control circuits causing the' -named of said pair of tubes to become conducting prior to the other of amd pair of tubes when the ase reiationfbetween the volte of the alteting current generator varies with respect to the voltage of the alternating current' s-reierence source in one action from zero and causing the other oi said oi tubes to become conducting prior to the rst when the phase relation oi the generator varies in the other direction from aero with respect to the voltage oi the speed-reference source, and means edective upon one of said pair ci tubes becoming conducting for preventing the other of said of tubes from 

